Copyright © 2026 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{202315,
        author = {Mubashir Shaikh and Nihal Momin},
        title = {Investigating Machine Learning Models in Hate Speech Detection},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {12},
        pages = {6665-6672},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=202315},
        abstract = {},
        keywords = {annotator disagreement, Davidson dataset, machine learning limitations, natural language processing, part-of-speech analysis, semantic ambiguity hate speech detection, severity scoring.},
        month = {May},
        }