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@article{205225,
        author = {SABA SHAFEEN and MOHAMMED OMER FAROOQ QURESHI},
        title = {Transforming Precision Medicine Through Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Mechanistic Foundations and Clinical Implementation},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {1},
        pages = {5418-5420},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=205225},
        abstract = {Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics (PGx) represent foundational pillars of precision medicine, shifting clinical paradigms from standardized dosing to individualized, genotype-guided therapeutics. Pharmacogenetics traditionally evaluates single gene-drug interactions, whereas pharmacogenomics investigates genome-wide networks dictating drug disposition, efficacy, and toxicity. This review outlines the underlying mechanisms of genetic variations in Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, drug transporters, and human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Furthermore, it assesses the clinical translation of evidence-based prescribing guidelines, operational hurdles within Electronic Health Records (EHR), and the path toward preemptive testing. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]},
        keywords = {},
        month = {June},
        }