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@article{193923,
        author = {Teena Pareek and Prity Sharma and Shalini Jauhari and Aditi Kain and Muskan Vishnoi},
        title = {Physico-Chemical Analysis of Water Samples from an Education Institutional Building: A Comparative Laboratory Study of Groundwater, Municipal Supply, and Reverse Osmosis Treatment Systems},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {10},
        pages = {1751-1765},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=193923},
        abstract = {Water quality assessment is fundamental to ensuring public health and environmental sustainability. This study presents a comprehensive physico-chemical characterization of four water samples collected from a residential building: municipal tap water, groundwater (tubewell), reverse osmosis (RO) filtered water, and RO reject water. Eight key parameters were analyzed using standard analytical procedures: pH, acidity, alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, temporary hardness, permanent hardness, and sulphate concentration. Titrimetric and instrumental methods were employed following protocols established by the American Public Health Association (APHA) and validated against Bureau of Indian Standards (IS 10500:2012, revised 2015) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The results revealed significant variations in dissolved solids and hardness across water sources, with groundwater exhibiting elevated mineral content (high TDS and hardness), RO-treated water showing substantial reductions in ionic constituents, and RO reject water demonstrating concentrated solute levels. The study demonstrates both the efficiency and limitations of residential RO purification systems, highlighting concerns regarding demineralization of treated water, potential corrosivity, and environmental implications of reject water disposal. These findings contribute to the understanding of household water treatment technologies and their impact on water chemistry, with implications for public health, infrastructure integrity, and sustainable water management practices.},
        keywords = {Water quality, physico-chemical analysis, reverse osmosis, total dissolved solids, hardness, groundwater, drinking water standards},
        month = {March},
        }