Copyright © 2026 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{206265,
        author = {Sowmya G and Evyanjalin S and Madhura P and Priyadarshini V P},
        title = {Electric Cycles: Technology, Components, Energy Management, and Future Trends—A Comprehensive Review},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {2},
        pages = {830-834},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=206265},
        abstract = {Electric cyclese-cycles or e-bikes have emerged as a sustainable and energy-efficient transportation solution for urban mobility. Their increasing adoption is driven by concerns regarding environmental pollution, traffic congestion, rising fuel prices, and advancements in battery technologies. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of electric cycle technologies, including propulsion systems, battery technologies, motor drives, energy management strategies, regenerative braking systems, and recent developments in intelligent control. The study examines the evolution of electric cycles, compares major system architectures, and discusses performance parameters affecting efficiency and range. Recent advancements in lithium-ion batteries, brushless DC motors, regenerative braking, and artificial intelligence-based energy management are also reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are identified to support the development of next-generation electric cycles.},
        keywords = {Electric cycle, E-bike, BLDC motor, Battery management system, Regenerative braking, Sustainable transportation, Energy efficiency.},
        month = {July},
        }