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@article{185025,
        author = {Dr. Anupam Bansal},
        title = {Educational Policies Transition: Reforms & Future Pathways},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {4},
        pages = {4442-4449},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=185025},
        abstract = {— India has the largest education system, as millions of people avail the benefit of our education system globally. Even after Independence India’s Education system continues to face many challenges that hinders its effectiveness and inclusivity regardless of various efforts made on policies and reforms (Tilak, 2018). Major issues including stagnation and retention in the schools due to many reasons like shortage of good teachers, improper infrastructure, poor quality of Education, outdated curriculum, lack of sufficient government funding (Kingdon, 2020). Our education system is mainly focused on rote learning and theoretical knowledge that means heavily examination based which is lacking in practical skills and critical thinking (Banerjee & Duflo, 2011). Students encounter enormous academic pressure and unhealthy competition that leads to narrow meaning of success. Also, they feel stressed from expectations of the society; secondly, there is imbalance between the rural and urban areas in terms of accessibility and affordability which supplements and deepens the educational inequalities (ASER, 2022). Even though there are many government schemes like Mid-day Meal (1995), Sarav Siksha Abhiyan SSA (2001) & Rashtriyaa Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (2009) have improved access and enrolment (GOI, 2021), but no change in the learning outcomes. The RTE (Right to Education) Act (2009) placed the foundation for compulsory Elementary Education and improve access in secondary and inclusive education, but its implementation faces many challenges (UNESCO, 2021).
However, NEP-2020 (National Education Policy-2020) signifies a substantial shift towards holistic, student-cantered learning (MHRD, 2020). NEP-2020 accentuates foundation, preparatory, middle and secondary stages which emphasises early childhood care, foundation literacy, multidisciplinary education, Vocational training and give various choices in subjects. Government must have strengthened the reforms of NEP-2020, increases the funds in education and shifts Education system from memorisation to critical thinking and skill development for the better future of the country and significant improvement in education system. The objective of the paper is systematically and critically studying the determined challenges facing by education system such as accessibility and affordability issues, also assess the previous and ongoing Government initiatives. It further aims to analyse the education reforms shift by the NEP-2020 responding to the contemporary challenges of education.},
        keywords = {National Education Policy 2020, educational reform, Government Initiatives, rote learning, teacher shortage, educational inequality},
        month = {October},
        }