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@article{204341,
        author = {Vivek Sharma and Dr. Rupendra Singh Tanwar},
        title = {Direct Ink Writing Additive Manufacturing: Process Optimization, Analysis and Sample Fabrication},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {1},
        pages = {1807-1814},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=204341},
        abstract = {Additive Manufacturing is a sophisticated manufacturing process that creates 3D items layer-by-layer from digital models. Direct Ink Writing (DIW) is one of the extrusions based additive manufacturing techniques that can print high viscosity materials such as ceramic pastes, polymer composites, hydrogels and conductive inks. Due to the increasing need for cheap and flexible additive manufacturing systems, researchers have studied the possibility of modifying traditional manufacturing machines to be used for additive manufacturing processes. This work modifies a standard 3-axis CNC engraving and milling machine to build a Direct Ink Writing Additive Manufacturing Machine. This time, the CNC machine has a syringe extrusion system instead of the spindle, which will be used to deposit the materials precisely, rather than performing the subtractive machining processes. The accurate layer-by-layer fabrication by a G-code controlled motion system is done by the current X-Y-Z motion system, an Arduino-based open-source controller and GRBL architecture. The main aims of this study are to: Development of an in-house Direct Ink Writing Additive Manufacturing System, parametric optimization of several materials and sample creation and characterization. Different process parameters like nozzle diameter, printing speed, layer height, extrusion rate and material viscosity are studied and optimized for stable extrusion, better surface finish, dimensional accuracy and structural integrity. Shear thinning, yield stress and thixotropic recovery are rheological properties of printable materials that have a strong impact on the printability and the quality of the deposited material in direct ink writing (DIW) techniques. Moreover, several samples are fabricated using the developed setup and characterized to evaluate the effect of processing parameters on print quality and performance. The results show that a typical CNC machine can be effectively converted into a cost-effective Direct Ink Writing additive manufacturing machine by the use of open-source control architecture. The developed system offers a simple, flexible and inexpensive solution which is suitable for educational, research and rapid prototyping applications.},
        keywords = {Direct Ink Writing (DIW), Additive Manufacturing, CNC Machine Conversion, Open-Source CNC Controller, GRBL Architecture, Material Extrusion, Rheology, Process Parameter Optimization, Syringe-Based Extrusion, Rapid Prototyping},
        month = {June},
        }