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@article{179393,
        author = {Vaibhav Ramdas Jadhav and Darshan Hari Patil and Prasad Shivnath Lahamge and Aniket Jotiram Sawant and Samarth Rajendra Thete and Krushna Vinodrao Kadam},
        title = {Comprehensive Review on Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanisms, Drivers, Impacts, and Strategies for Mitigation},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {11},
        number = {12},
        pages = {6250-6258},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=179393},
        abstract = {—Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing
global health crisis, undermining the efficacy of
antibiotics and increasing morbidity, mortality, and
economic burdens. This review synthesizes current
literature on AMR, detailing its molecular mechanisms,
drivers, global impacts, and mitigation strategies.
Bacterial AMR is projected to cause 39 million deaths
by 2050, driven by antibiotic overuse in healthcare and
agriculture, inadequate infection control, and a
dwindling antibiotic pipeline. Resistance mechanisms,
including enzymatic inactivation, target modification,
efflux pumps, reduced permeability, biofilms, and
metabolic bypass, enable rapid microbial adaptation.
Strategies such as antibiotic stewardship, enhanced
surveillance, infection prevention, and innovative
technologies offer hope, but global coordination is
critical. The One Health approach, integrating human,
animal, and environmental health, is essential to
address AMR’s complexity. This review calls for urgent,
multisectoral action to preserve antimicrobial efficacy
and mitigate the escalating threat to global health},
        keywords = {Antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic stewardship, resistance mechanisms, One Health, global health},
        month = {May},
        }