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@article{171685,
        author = {Manju Sadasivan and Dr. Ashok Kumar T A},
        title = {Navigating Interoperability in Diverse IoT Ecosystems: A Study of Current Research and Emerging Challenges},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {11},
        number = {8},
        pages = {586-594},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=171685},
        abstract = {Internet of Things technology is embodied in a wide spectrum of networked products, systems, and sensors, which exploit phenomenal progress made in computing power, electronics miniaturization, and network interconnections, providing capabilities that could previously not be possible. These devices are connected to the internet and do not require any kind of human intervention and are smart enough to collect and exchange data over the internet. Interoperability in heterogeneous IoT contexts is a key difficulty arising from the wide variety of devices, data formats and communication protocols utilized in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. To enable effective communication among the vast IoT devices, protocols, and technologies, an all-encompassing standardization of IoT needs to be established, as well as clearly defined protocols and interfaces, where solutions such as middleware, ontology, and semantic web technologies can be used. The use of the middleware solutions and the integration platforms supports smooth interactions and collaborations between different devices, systems, and applications, which in turn promote higher productivity, efficiency, and innovative capabilities. An ontology provides smart devices with the meaning of data coming from other smart devices, based on a common vocabulary and semantic relationships. The Semantic Web enables smooth communication, sharing of data, and collaboration with other IoT devices and systems using semantic annotations, data integration, context awareness, reasoning, and dynamic discovery. This paper summarizes the state of the art approaches and relevant aspects of Interoperability in Heterogeneous IoT systems.},
        keywords = {Internet of Things, Interoperability, Middleware, Ontology, RDF, Semantic Web, Smart Gateway.},
        month = {January},
        }