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@article{173482,
        author = {Dr Rajesh Kumar and Dr Madan Lal},
        title = {Availability, Accessibility, and Disparities of Water Service in Shimla City: A Study in Sustainability},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {11},
        number = {10},
        pages = {459-465},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=173482},
        abstract = {The present paper examines the availability, accessibility, and disparities of water supply in Shimla city, the capital of Himachal Pradesh, located in north-western Himalayas. The study is entirely based on primary and secondary data collected at ward level for the period 2011 and 2020. The study reveals that total water demand (2014) is 58.46 million litres per day (MLD) against system carrying capacity of 54.54 MLD. The gap between demand and supply further increases with system inefficiencies, as a result there are consumers who are getting water supply only for about 45 minutes in a day. The present deficit of 3.92 MLD (2014) may amplify demand 51.01 MLD in 2041 and 72 MLD in 2071. Resource assessment in the related watersheds namely, Dhalli Catchment, Cherot Nallah, Chair Nallah, Nauti Khad, Ashwani Khad, and Giri River accomplished using remote sensing techniques and geographic information system (Arc-GIS 10.3). To fulfil the growing water demand of study area, with gravitating water from upper reach of River Pabbar, lifting water from River Satluj, and rainwater harvesting and reuse of waste water coupled with balance additional water from River Satluj or Giri. The total running water connection of city are increased from 27765 in 2013 to 30995in 2020.  Finally, study suggested that the sustained strategy shall take into account the identification of source of supply, collection, transmission, distribution and other related aspects in Shimla city.},
        keywords = {Arc- GIS 10.3, Availability, Accessibility, Water demand & deficit, Disparity, Sustainability, Shimla city},
        month = {March},
        }