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@article{180463,
        author = {Pravin J. Kale and Lokesh N. Wankhade and Pallavi P. Ulhe},
        title = {FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CARPENTER BEE POLLINATION IN CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA AT AMRAVATI (M.S.)},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {1},
        pages = {2821-2823},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=180463},
        abstract = {The floral biology of Calotropis gigantea and its pollination by carpenter bees were investigated in Amravati (M.S.) from June 2024 to March 2025. Observations on flowering phenology, flower morphology, and floral rewards revealed adaptations likely facilitating carpenter bee pollination. Anthesis occurred throughout the day, with peak foraging activity of Xylocopa latipes observed around noon. These carpenter bees acted as efficient and effective primary pollinators, while other insect visitors appeared to be supplementary. This study suggests a mutualistic relationship between C. gigantea and X. latipes, benefiting both.},
        keywords = {Calotropis gigantea, Xylocopa latipes, Foragers, Mutualistic},
        month = {June},
        }