Copyright © 2026 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{183436,
        author = {Dr.Jayashri Naphade and Dr.Shraddha Khamkar},
        title = {A comprehensive review of nanoparticles: Their characteristics, synthesis methods, applications, and associated challenges.},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {3},
        pages = {1638-1646},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=183436},
        abstract = {Nanoparticles (NPs) play a crucial role in technological advancements due to their unique and tunable properties, which often result in superior performance compared to their bulk counterparts. Traditionally, NPs are synthesized by reducing metal ions using chemical agents that are often toxic and environmentally hazardous. In response to these concerns, recent efforts have focused on developing green synthesis approaches that utilize natural and sustainable resources as alternatives to harmful chemicals. Green synthesis leverages biological systems—such as bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, yeast, and plants—for nanoparticle production. These biological methods are considered environmentally friendly, safe, simple, cost-effective, and efficient. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nanoparticles, encompassing their types, properties, synthesis techniques, applications, and future prospect},
        keywords = {green synthesis, nanoparticles, nanotechnology, biological synthesis, microbial nanotechnology.},
        month = {September},
        }