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@article{183975,
        author = {ASMATULLAH NASIRY},
        title = {Impact of armed conflict on spatial morphology and reconstruction dynamics of Kabul city, Afghanistan},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {3},
        pages = {3867-3879},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=183975},
        abstract = {Armed conflict has profoundly reshaped Kabul Afghanistan over the past few decades, leaving lasting impacts on its urban landscape and social fabric. The prolonged violence and instability have led to considerable changes in the city’s spatial structure, as neighborhoods, infrastructure and land use have adapted to the demands of survival, security and reconstruction. This research study examines the significant impacts of war on the spatial morphology and reconstruction dynamics of Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, from 1970 to 2021. Over nearly five decades, political instability, military interventions and social unrest have dramatically transformed Kabul. The study is organized into sections that analyze how these conflicts have influenced the city’s physical landscape, urban infrastructure and spatial organization. A mixed-method approach has been followed the complexity of quantitative and qualitative data to provide a deeper understanding of these changes. Armed conflict has led to unplanned urban growth, characterized by a rapid increase in informal settlements and a heightened rate of built-up land, along with land degradation. The unplanned growth has resulted in a fragmented landscape, which has significantly impacted the city’s infrastructure. Reconstruction efforts have been challenging, hindered by socio-political instability, inconsistent urban planning and environmental degradation during the post-conflict period. The study reveals that prolonged conflict has disrupted social cohesion due to an imbalance in resources, significantly increasing the city's vulnerability to environmental challenges. Additionally, it emphasizes the resilience of the habitats of Kabul city in the face of authority and hardship, noting that community-led reconstruction efforts are crucial for rebuilding the city. Ultimately, this research sheds light on how armed conflict transforms urban spaces and reconstruction processes. It offers valuable insights for urban planners, policymakers and international organizations involved in future reconstruction and sustainable development initiatives in Kabul.},
        keywords = {Armed Conflict, Kabul, Spatial Morphology, Reconstruction, Informal Settlements, Urban Growth and Socio-Economic Inequality},
        month = {August},
        }