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@article{184189,
        author = {SAKSHI SUDHIR PAREKH},
        title = {Urine as a Renewable Resource: Pathways for Hydrogen, Methane, and Biocrude Production – A Review.},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {4},
        pages = {515-517},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=184189},
        abstract = {Urine, a plentiful waste product high in nitrogen, is showing promise as a feedstock for clean energy and nutrient recovery. The latest developments in urine-to-fuel pathways, such as hydrothermal liquefaction of organics, microbial fuel cells, electrochemical hydrogen generation, and catalytic methanation, are compiled in this review. Energy efficiency, environmental advantages, and the possibility of integration with sanitation systems are highlighted by comparative analyses. The evaluation also looks at life-cycle and techno-economic viewpoints, suggesting that scalable solutions could have positive climate effects. Though durability, fouling, and social acceptance are still issues, new findings indicate that integrated urine valorization can help achieve the objectives of the circular economy.},
        keywords = {urine valorization; urea electrolysis; hydrogen; methanation; microbial electrochemical systems; hydrothermal liquefaction; struvite; TEA; LCA},
        month = {September},
        }