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@article{186578,
        author = {Dr. Beena Menon.S and Anuupama Arun and Lakshmi Priya V},
        title = {The thymus gland: From immune education to clinical disorders and future regeneration},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {6},
        pages = {1960-1961},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=186578},
        abstract = {The thymus gland, once considered vestigial, is now recognized as the central organ of T-cell development and immune tolerance. It educates T lymphocytes through positive and negative selection, thereby shaping the immune repertoire and preventing autoimmunity. Despite its crucial role in early life, the thymus undergoes progressive involution with age, leading to immune senescence, susceptibility to infections, malignancies, and reduced vaccine responses. Thymic pathology is clinically significant, encompassing autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis, congenital immunodeficiencies like DiGeorge syndrome, and thymic tumors including thymomas and carcinomas. Recent advances in regenerative medicine—spanning cytokine therapy, stem cell approaches, and thymic bioengineering—offer hope for reversing thymic decline and restoring immune competence. This article reviews the thymus from anatomy and physiology to clinical disorders and emerging regenerative strategies, highlighting its pivotal role in bridging immunology, clinical medicine, and future therapeutic innovation.},
        keywords = {Thymus gland; T lymphocytes; Immune tolerance; Thymic involution; Autoimmunity; Myasthenia gravis; Thymic tumors; DiGeorge syndrome; Immunosenescence; Thymic regeneration; Stem cell therapy; Bioengineered thymus.},
        month = {November},
        }