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@article{188017,
        author = {Dharmendra Tiwari},
        title = {Oncology: the study of cancer, “Integrative study of cancer pathophysiology with pharmaceutical and clinical research to develop novel therapeutics, understand disease mechanisms, and improve patient prognosis and treatment response.”},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {7},
        pages = {351-369},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=188017},
        abstract = {Modern oncology has been greatly advanced by the integrative study of cancer pathophysiology alongside pharmaceutical and clinical research. Researchers can find new therapeutic targets and create more potent treatment plans by investigating the genetic and cellular pathways behind the development of cancer. While clinical research assesses the safety, effectiveness, and patient outcomes of anticancer treatments, pharmaceutical research aids in their discovery, design, and optimization. This interdisciplinary approach promotes individualized medicine, increases diagnostic precision, and deepens understanding of disease behavior. In the end, combining these domains improves therapy response, patient prognosis, and the creation of novel treatments for a variety of cancer types. In 2025, clinical research will concentrate on cutting-edge trial designs, tailored treatments, and novel cancer therapeutics, including CAR-T, antibody-drug conjugates, and AI-guided decision systems. Through the integration of genetic insights, optimized dose, and real-world clinical data for improved therapy response, these approaches support precision oncology, improve patient outcomes, and advance drug development. WHO and global cancer research (2020–2025): WHO policies centered on equity, prevention, and better access to care propelled substantial advancements in global cancer research between 2020 and 2025. Precision oncology, immunotherapy, early detection, and understanding the molecular, genetic, and environmental elements that promote unchecked cell development are the main goals of cancer research. To find mutations, signaling pathways, and biomarkers related to tumor formation, it combines molecular biology, pathology, pharmacology, and clinical sciences. In order to enhance patient outcomes, our study supports the development of early diagnostic tools and tailored medicines. Carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia’s, lymphomas, melanomas, and brain tumors are among the most common kinds of cancer. Because each type develops differently, specific treatment strategies are needed. Immunotherapy, precision.},
        keywords = {},
        month = {November},
        }