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@article{190262,
        author = {M.Pradeep and Dr.Lalith Sagar Reddy and P.Kushal Singh},
        title = {A Comprehensive Review on Vaping: Health Risks, Pathophysiology, and Global Epidemiology},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {8},
        pages = {1638-1644},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=190262},
        abstract = {Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), commonly referred to as vaping devices, have rapidly emerged as alternative nicotine delivery systems since their introduction in 2007. Although initially promoted as reduced-harm alternatives to combustible cigarettes and as smoking cessation aids, e-cigarettes have increasingly been adopted as recreational products, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Growing scientific evidence indicates that vaping is associated with significant respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, immunological, and reproductive health risks. Moreover, the escalating prevalence of youth vaping represents a substantial global public health challenge. This review synthesizes current evidence on the composition of e-cigarettes, mechanisms of toxicity, pathophysiological effects, global epidemiological trends across multiple countries, and regulatory considerations. The findings underscore the urgent need for strengthened regulatory policies, improved public awareness, and evidence-based clinical guidance to mitigate the health burden associated with vaping.},
        keywords = {E-cigarettes; Vaping; Nicotine dependence; Global epidemiology; Respiratory toxicity; Public health},
        month = {January},
        }