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@article{190434,
        author = {Deepika Komal},
        title = {Secure Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Design, Analysis, and Novel Framework Proposal},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {8},
        pages = {4077-4083},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=190434},
        abstract = {Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a foundational technology in modern communication and monitoring systems, enabling widespread applications in environmental surveillance, military operations, healthcare monitoring, industrial automation, and smart cities. Despite their advantages in scalability and self-organised operation, WSNs are highly vulnerable to routing-based attacks due to their resource limitations, dynamic topology, and unreliable communication medium. Ensuring secure routing remains a critical research challenge, requiring lightweight yet robust solutions capable of resisting malicious intrusions while optimising energy consumption.
This paper presents a comprehensive review of secure routing protocols for WSNs, analyses their strengths and limitations, and identifies persistent research gaps. Further, we propose a Novel Hybrid Lightweight Secure Routing Framework (HLSRF) based on trust evaluation, dynamic key generation, and anomaly-aware routing decision mechanisms suited for constrained sensor nodes. A simulation-driven performance study demonstrates improvements in packet delivery ratio, resilience against selective forwarding, and reduced energy consumption compared to existing schemes. The findings establish HLSRF as a promising approach for future secure WSN deployments.},
        keywords = {Wireless Sensor Networks, Secure Routing, Cryptographic Mechanisms, Trust Management, Energy Efficiency, Intrusion Detection, Lightweight Security},
        month = {January},
        }