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@article{194155,
        author = {C.K. Joe Uzuegbu and C. C. Ogomaka and P. J. Ezigbo and V. O Aniugo and T. A. Umerah and S. E Mbonu},
        title = {Determination of the Impact of Sensor Technology on 33/11kV Substation Transformers},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {10},
        pages = {7684-7696},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=194155},
        abstract = {The growing need for reliable and cost-effective monitoring in electrical power systems has brought sensor-based technologies to the forefront of substation management. This paper presents the design, simulation, and analysis of a remote transformer monitoring system using Arduino-based sensor modules at a 33/11kV substation. Conventional supervisory systems like SCADA, though effective, are cost-intensive and limited in real-time adaptability. The proposed system integrates temperature, current, and ultrasonic sensors, interfaced with an Arduino UNO microcontroller, to achieve real-time monitoring and detection of transformer overloads, temperature anomalies, and oil level fluctuations. This model enhances operational transparency and fault detection without significant infrastructural overhaul. Performance evaluation using simulation data from the Egbu Injection Substation revealed that sensor integration can pre-emptively identify hazardous conditions, reduce failure rates, and optimize transformer lifespan. Findings suggest that the proposed system is a scalable and economical alternative to traditional SCADA frameworks, capable of increasing the resilience and intelligence of modern substations.},
        keywords = {},
        month = {March},
        }