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@article{195552,
        author = {Uthara Sekhar R and Dr.M.Kayalvizhi},
        title = {Efficient Ad-Hoc Routing for Underwater Network},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {11},
        pages = {498-503},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=195552},
        abstract = {Underwater marine networks have emerged as a crucial technology for applications such as ocean monitoring, environmental protection, disaster management, and military surveillance. These networks, commonly known as Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks, consist of sensor nodes, relay nodes, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and gateway nodes that communicate using acoustic signals. Unlike terrestrial wireless networks, underwater communication is highly challenging due to high propagation delay, limited bandwidth, signal attenuation, and energy constraints caused by the difficulty of battery replacement.
This paper presents the design of efficient ad-hoc transmission protocols tailored for underwater marine environments. The proposed system adopts a hybrid network topology that combines star and mesh structures to improve both reliability and scalability. Furthermore, three routing techniques are implemented: energy-aware routing, depth-based routing, and geographic routing. Energy-aware routing enhances network lifetime by selecting nodes with higher residual energy. 
The system is implemented and evaluated using Python with simulation tools such as NS-3 and SUNSET. Performance is analysed under different environmental conditions, including clear, moderate, and turbid water. Key metrics such as packet delivery ratio, transmission delay, energy consumption, and network lifetime are measured. The results show that the proposed approach significantly improves efficiency, reliability, and energy optimization compared to existing routing methods.},
        keywords = {Underwater Marine Networks, Ad-Hoc Routing, Acoustic Communication, Energy Efficiency, Routing Protocols, Sensor Networks, AUV, Network Simulation.},
        month = {April},
        }