Copyright © 2026 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{199016,
        author = {Rajdeep Ghosh and Anuradha Saw and Anisha Raj and Shreekrushna Bharat Salunke},
        title = {THE FINANCIAL LIFE OF MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILIES: INCOME AND EXPENDITURE PATTERNS A CASE STUDY OF KRISHNANAGAR},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {11},
        pages = {15377-15391},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=199016},
        abstract = {The first chapter covers the Background, overview of the research paper that is the financial life of middle-class families. This chapter deals with a brief discussion on the income and expenditure patterns of middle-class families. What is their income level, expenditure level and saving level. The study of income and expenditure of middle-class families is important because the middle class is a significant segment of society that is often the backbone of the economy. Understanding their spending habits and financial situation can provide valuable insights into the state of the economy and consumer behavior.
The Fourth chapter covers the presentation of data, analysis, and findings. We have used various tools to analyze the formulation of income and expenditure patterns of middle-class families. In order to better understand middle-class families' financial behaviour and decision-making processes, this research looks at their income, spending, and savings habits. The study is based on primary data that was gathered from 121 respondents using a standardised questionnaire. Important factors including income sources, spending patterns, savings practices, debt levels, financial literacy, and the usage of financial planning tools are all examined in this study. The data has been analysed using descriptive statistics and fundamental statistical techniques, such as the Chi-square test, t-test, and ANOVA. The results show that the majority of respondents are in the lower-middle income range and spend a sizable amount of their money on necessities like food and shelter. The total savings rate is still small even though most respondents say they have emergency funds. The study also shows that while gender has no effect on financial awareness, financial literacy is key in influencing saving and budgeting behaviours.
The Sixth and Seventh chapter covers the conclusions and recommendations. This chapter, ultimately, gives the conclusion of our research paper based on the findings and analysis, some recommendations, and suggestions. Additionally, the study finds that middle-class households confront a number of significant issues, including rising costs, a heavy debt load, and slow income growth. In order to improve middle-class families' financial stability, the study's conclusion highlights the necessity of increased financial literacy, better budgeting techniques, and efficient financial planning.},
        keywords = {Financial Life, Middle-Class Family, Income, Expenditure Consumption Pattern, Savings Pattern, Economic Decision-Making.},
        month = {April},
        }