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@article{199113,
        author = {Saima Z Ansari and Sana Iqbal and Shaufin Pathan and Snigddha Manwatkar},
        title = {Firefighter Robot: A Low-Cost RC-Based Remote-Controlled Fire Suppression System Using Relay-Triggered Digital Switching Logic},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {11},
        pages = {12518-12525},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=199113},
        abstract = {Fire safety is one of those problems that never really goes away. Across homes, factories, and institutions alike, the risk of fire remains constant — and the cost when things go wrong, measured in lives and property, is staggering. This paper describes a Firefighter Robot we built: a remote-controlled system that can drive toward a small fire and put it out using a relay-triggered water jet. It's not autonomous, it doesn't need a microcontroller, and it doesn't require a single line of code. That's deliberate.
The build centers on a standard RC car chassis fitted with a mini DC submersible pump (rated 3V–6V), a 5V single-channel relay module, a cut-down plastic bottle as the water tank, and a pen-refill nozzle that turns a trickle into a focused jet. When the user hits the trigger on the remote, the RC receiver sends a 5V HIGH signal, the relay closes, and water fires through the nozzle. Release the button and everything stops. It's a textbook Input–Process–Output loop — except it's real hardware, not a flowchart on a whiteboard.
Total component cost came to under Rs. 300. In testing, the system reliably extinguished candle flames from 35 to 60 cm away. The logical next step — adding an Arduino Uno and an IR flame sensor — would make the whole thing autonomous, but that's future work.},
        keywords = {Firefighter Robot, RC Car, Relay Module, DC Water Pump, Digital Switching, IPO Model, Fire Suppression, Embedded Systems},
        month = {April},
        }