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@article{199529,
        author = {Samruddhi Patil and Mr. Umesh B Kolap and Dr. Shobhraj B. Malavi and Ms. Swati S. Dabhole},
        title = {Gout: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {11},
        pages = {15070-15080},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=199529},
        abstract = {Gout is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and surrounding tissues, resulting from prolonged hyperuricemia. It is one of the most common forms of inflammatory arthritis, with increasing global prevalence due to lifestyle changes, aging populations, and associated comorbidities such as obesity, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. The pathophysiology of gout involves complex interactions between uric acid metabolism, renal excretion, and inflammatory pathways, particularly the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome leading to acute inflammatory responses. Clinically, gout presents with recurrent episodes of acute arthritis, tophi formation, and potential joint destruction if left untreated.
Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical features, serum uric acid levels, and definitive identification of monosodium urate crystals in synovial fluid using polarized light microscopy. Advanced imaging modalities such as ultrasound and dual-energy computed tomography have improved early detection and disease monitoring.
Management strategies focus on both acute attack control and long-term urate-lowering therapy. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, and corticosteroids are commonly used for acute management, while xanthine oxidase inhibitors such as allopurinol and febuxostat are the mainstay for chronic treatment. Lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes and reduction of alcohol intake, play a crucial role in preventing disease progression.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of gout, emphasizing its pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and evidence-based management strategies, highlighting the importance of early intervention to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
Objective: To provide a comprehensive overview of gout, focusing on its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current management strategies.
Methods: A narrative review of published literature on gout was conducted using recent clinical studies, reviews, and treatment guidelines. Relevant data on epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic interventions were analyzed.
Results: Gout is a chronic inflammatory arthritis caused by deposition of monosodium urate crystals due to hyperuricemia. It commonly presents as acute monoarthritis, particularly affecting the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Risk factors include diet, obesity, alcohol consumption, and comorbid conditions such as hypertension and renal disease. Diagnosis is confirmed by identification of urate crystals in synovial fluid. Management includes acute treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, and corticosteroids, along with long-term urate-lowering therapy such as allopurinol and febuxostat.
Conclusion: Early diagnosis and appropriate management of gout are essential to prevent complications such as tophi and joint damage. Lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapy play a crucial role in disease control.},
        keywords = {Gout; Hyperuricemia; Monosodium urate crystals; Arthritis; Allopurinol},
        month = {April},
        }