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@article{199691,
        author = {Rahul Teradal and Misbah Mansoor Nabiwale},
        title = {Next-Generation Saliva-Based Diagnostics: Integrating Biosensors, AI, and Sustainable Healthcare},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {11},
        pages = {13962-13970},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=199691},
        abstract = {The increased number of lifestyle-induced, metabolic, and chronic diseases has escalated the need for early, accurate, and patient-friendly diagnostic technologies. Traditional methods of invasive diagnostic processes through blood or tissue sampling are usually linked to pain, risk of infection, frequent visits to a hospital, and inability to realize continuous monitoring. Saliva has, in this context, become a very promising non-invasive diagnostic biofluid, given that it is a highly biochemically rich biofluid and well physiologically related to the systemic circulation. This is a systematic review of non-invasive salivary-based diagnostic systems with a special focus on biosensor systems, intelligent data processing architectures, and integrated system architectures of point-of-care and individual healthcare. The review is a critical assessment of salivary biomarkers, sensing strategies, nano-enabled transducers, signal conditioning strategies, machine learning and deep learning algorithms, and Internet-based health monitoring systems. The most important areas related to data governance, biological variability, clinical translation, and sensor reliability have been addressed. Lastly, the research direction of future work into the multi-disease, sustainable, and intelligent saliva-based diagnostic platforms is indicated. The review has shown that the combination of saliva-based diagnostics with sophisticated electronics and smart computing can change preventive and personalized healthcare.},
        keywords = {Salivary diagnostics, implantable biosensors, intelligent healthcare systems, sustainable electronics, machine learning.},
        month = {April},
        }