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@article{200432,
        author = {Vedant Chougale},
        title = {Internet of Things (IoT) and Networking Challenges: Protocols, Scalability, Security, Power, and Latency},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {12},
        pages = {1035-1041},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=200432},
        abstract = {The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has fundamentally transformed the landscape of modern computing and networking. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of IoT networking challenges with a specific focus on communication protocols, scalability limitations, security vulnerabilities, power consumption constraints, and latency requirements. We investigate the two dominant IoT protocols, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), evaluating their suitability across diverse deployment scenarios including industrial sensor networks, smart agriculture, home automation, and healthcare monitoring systems. Our analysis integrates findings from real-world sensor-based project deployments involving temperature, humidity, motion, and air-quality sensing nodes. Experimental results demonstrate that CoAP achieves up to 40% reduction in packet overhead compared to MQTT under low-bandwidth conditions, while MQTT provides superior reliability in unstable network environments through its Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee mechanisms. We further propose a hybrid protocol selection framework that dynamically adapts to device constraints and network conditions. Security threats including replay attacks, man-in-the-middle intrusions, and firmware exploitation are analyzed alongside practical mitigation strategies. The findings of this study provide actionable guidelines for IoT system architects and embedded developers.},
        keywords = {Internet of Things; MQTT; CoAP; scalability; security; power consumption; latency; sensor networks; protocol optimization.},
        month = {May},
        }