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@article{200856,
        author = {Kirti H. Kine and Prof. Dr. Kalpana Malpe and Nihal B. Chandwani and Nikhil Wankhede and Yash S. Wakle},
        title = {A REAL TIME DEVELOPMENT OF NPK TESTING OF SOIL BASED IOT},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {12},
        pages = {2159-2164},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=200856},
        abstract = {Every conversation about food security eventually circles back to one thing: the quality of the soil beneath our feet. Farmers in India, especially those managing small plots of land, understand this intuitively. What they have long struggled with is a reliable, timely way to actually measure what is happening in their soil. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium — the three primary nutrients that determine how well a crop will grow — need to stay within acceptable ranges throughout the growing season. Too little of any one of them, and yields suffer. Too much, and money gets wasted on fertiliser the plant cannot use.
The system described in this paper was built specifically to address that gap. Rather than sending soil samples to a distant laboratory and waiting several days for results, our platform does the measurement work directly in the field. An NPK sensor inserted into the ground sends readings to an ESP32 microcontroller, which then pushes that data to the cloud through a wireless connection. Within seconds, a farmer can check their phone, view the current nutrient readings, and receive an alert if anything has moved outside the acceptable range. The whole setup is affordable, requires no technical knowledge to operate, and runs continuously around the clock.},
        keywords = {real-time NPK sensing; IoT-based soil monitoring; ESP32 microcontroller; precision fertilisation; cloud-based agronomy; smart farming.},
        month = {May},
        }