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@article{201917,
        author = {Saurabh Suresh Shinde and Mangesh Dhananjay Nerkar and Abhishek Vilas Kumre and Akash Dinesh Chopkar},
        title = {Speed Control of Induction Motor Using Arduino-Based Variable Frequency Drive (VFD): A Literature Review},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {12},
        pages = {5317-5326},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=201917},
        abstract = {The three-phase induction motor remains the dominant electromechanical energy conversion device in industrial and commercial applications, yet its inherent fixed-speed characteristic under direct-on-line starting has long imposed significant energy and process inefficiencies. Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) address this constraint by enabling precise control of motor speed through regulated variation of both supply frequency and voltage. In recent years, microcontroller platforms particularly those based on the Arduino ecosystem have emerged as accessible, low-cost alternatives to dedicated digital signal processors for implementing VFD control algorithms. This paper presents a comprehensive and critical literature review of research published between 2015 and 2025 that investigates speed control of induction motors using Arduino-based VFD systems. The review covers the theoretical underpinnings of induction motor speed control, VFD architecture, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) generation on Arduino hardware, and real-world experimental implementations ranging from single-phase to three-phase systems. Studies by Rusdi et al. (2022), Tabassum et al. (2017), Kannan et al., Khan et al. (2023), and several others are critically analyzed and compared. Findings indicate that Arduino-based VFDs are capable of achieving smooth speed control across a wide frequency range with acceptable Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) values, particularly for low-to-medium power applications in the range of 0.1–2.2 kW. Key limitations include restricted current-handling capacity, absence of robust protection schemes, limited closed-loop precision, and sensitivity to electromagnetic interference. Future research opportunities are identified in the areas of sensorless vector control, IoT-enabled remote monitoring, machine-learning-based parameter tuning, and renewable energy integration.},
        keywords = {Arduino microcontroller, induction motor drives, pulse width modulation, sinusoidal PWM, speed control, V/f control, variable frequency drive.},
        month = {May},
        }