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@article{203984,
        author = {Adith Satish and Sharvari R and Mithun RP and Mrs. Archana Mahesh},
        title = {A Comprehensive Review on the Ballistic and Environmental Performance of ADN, AN, and GN-Based Green Composite Solid Propellants},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {1},
        pages = {9484-9489},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=203984},
        abstract = {Solid propellants serve as the core energetic foundation for modern orbital launch vehicles and tactical missile defence systems. Traditional formulations depend on Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) chemistry, which presents severe environmental challenges via toxic hydrochloric acid (HCl) exhaust signatures and high combustion instability. This review paper systematically evaluates the emerging paradigm of "green" rocket propulsion by analysing the fundamental ballistic, thermochemical, and material characteristics of alternative oxidizers: Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN), Ammonium Nitrate (AN), and Guanidine Nitrate (GN), bound within a Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) polymer matrix. Through a comparative synthesis of existing experimental literature, molecular dynamics simulations, and thermochemical trends, this study evaluates critical parameters including specific impulse (Isp), pressure exponents (n), phase transformation mechanics, and ignition temperatures. Furthermore, we outline persistent operational risks such as acoustic combustion instability, condensed-phase slag formation, and structural grain micro-cracking. This provides a roadmap for optimizing alternative grain geometries and structural binder modifiers to accelerate the deployment of chlorine-free, high-efficiency solid rocket motors.},
        keywords = {},
        month = {June},
        }