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@article{206401,
        author = {EKE STANLEY and Eteli H. and Iwueze Shalon},
        title = {SHORELINE CHANGE ANALYSIS MAPPING OF BAYELSA STATE COASTLINE USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS A Multi-Temporal Analysis Using Landsat Imagery (2000–2010–2020)},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {2},
        pages = {1709-1719},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=206401},
        abstract = {Bayelsa State occupies the most seaward zone of Nigeria's Niger Delta and experiences some of the most severe coastal erosion on the African continent, yet systematic spatiotemporal documentation of shoreline change remains inadequate. This study presents a comprehensive multi-temporal shoreline change analysis of the Bayelsa State coastline using Landsat satellite imagery acquired in 2000, 2010, and 2020, integrated within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework and processed through the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) plugin. Supervised maximum-likelihood classification, Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) thresholding, and transect-based statistical analysis were applied along 242 shore-normal transects cast at 100-metre intervals across five distinct coastal segments. Results demonstrate a net mean shoreline recession of 208.2 metres over the 20-year study period, equivalent to a mean End Point Rate (EPR) of -9.58 m/yr and a Linear Regression Rate (LRR) of -10.41 m/yr. The Atlantic frontage sector recorded the highest erosion rate (-22.70 m/yr LRR), while localized accretion was observed only in the Ogbia–Nembe creek system (+1.98 m/yr). Multi-class land cover analysis revealed a loss of 454.1 km² of mangrove forest, a 377.6 km² increase in open-water intertidal zones, and a 258.2 km² expansion of built-up areas. Primary erosional drivers identified include accelerated sea-level rise, hydrocarbon-induced subsidence, reduced sediment supply, wave energy from Atlantic swell, and widespread degradation of the mangrove buffer.},
        keywords = {Shoreline change; coastal erosion; DSAS; Digital Shoreline Analysis System; remote sensing; Niger Delta; Bayelsa State; Landsat; NDWI; mangrove; sea-level rise; GIS; land cover change.},
        month = {July},
        }