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@article{206698,
        author = {Disha Handore and Bhangale Charushila J},
        title = {MOEBIUS SYNDROME: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {2},
        pages = {2621-2632},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=206698},
        abstract = {Moebius syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by facial nerve paralysis and abducens nerve palsy, leading to facial immobility and limited eye movement. This comprehensive review explores the clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies for this multifaceted condition. The etiology of Moebius syndrome involves a complex interplay of genetic mutations, environmental factors, and vascular disruptions during embryonic development. Affected individuals often present with craniofacial anomalies, limb deformities, and systemic complications such as hearing loss and cardiac anomalies. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by imaging and genetic testing, with differential diagnosis playing a crucial role in distinguishing it from other syndromes.
Management requires a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing medical, surgical, and rehabilitative interventions. Advances in surgical techniques, such as muscle transfer procedures for smile reanimation, and comprehensive rehabilitative therapies have significantly improved patient outcomes. Despite these advancements, the psychosocial challenges faced by patients necessitate robust emotional support and community integration. Emerging research in genetics and regenerative medicine offers promising avenues for understanding and treating this condition. This review aims to provide a holistic overview of Moebius syndrome, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis, tailored interventions, and future directions for research.},
        keywords = {Moebius syndrome, facial paralysis, congenital disorders, cranial nerve dysfunction, multidisciplinary management, genetic insights},
        month = {July},
        }