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@article{207262,
        author = {Anant Parmar and Yuvraj Singh and Harmanpreet Kaur and Kuldeep Singh Rana},
        title = {Smart City Ecosystem Using IoT: A Comprehensive Review of Architectures, Platforms, And Applications},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {no},
        pages = {158-163},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=207262},
        abstract = {The rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) has fundamentally transformed the paradigm of urban development, giving rise to the concept of the “Smart City.” This paper provides an extensive review of the Smart City ecosystem, systematically analyzing its foundational architectures, communication technologies, and enabling platforms. We examine the transition from basic three-layer models to complex five layer and standardized frameworks such as IEEE and ETSI oneMM. A critical comparison of leading open-source and proprietary IoT platforms is presented, alongside a detailed exploration of diverse applications in mobility, energy, environment, and governance. Through a series of global case studies—including Singapore, Barcelona, and Amsterdam—we illustrate the practical implementation and impact of IoT-driven urban solutions. Finally, the paper addresses the persistent challenges of interoperability, security, and scalability, while outlining future research directions such as the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Digital Twins, and Blockchain in the urban IoT landscape},
        keywords = {Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Smart City ecosystem, Digital Twins, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence.},
        month = {July},
        }