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@article{207707,
        author = {Chandra Kant Sinha and Bhupendra Singh Ken and Mukul Vijay and Kapil Nahar and Neetesh Kumar Dehariya and Mahaveer Joshi},
        title = {Comparative Study of Carbon Black and Silica as Reinforcing Fillers in Natural Rubber Compounds},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {3},
        pages = {2412-2421},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=207707},
        abstract = {This work evaluates the performance of carbon black and precipitated silica as reinforcing fillers in a natural-rubber compound, comparing the industry-standard carbon black system against the increasing use of silica in “Green Tire” technology. Because silica is polar and hydrocarbon rubber is not, silica-filled compounds require a silane coupling agent to achieve adequate filler–rubber interaction and dispersion. Three formulations were prepared: P1 (100% carbon black, N220), P2 (a 50:50 carbon black–silica blend with silane), and P3 (100% silica with silane). Rheometric testing at 150 °C showed that maximum torque fell progressively from P1 to P3, indicating lower crosslink density as silica content increased, while cure delay (Ts2, Tc90) lengthened in the same order. Physical testing showed that elongation at break rose with increasing silica content (P3 > P2 > P1) while 100/200/300% modulus, hardness, and abrasion resistance all declined. Rebound resilience was marginally higher for the silica-containing compounds. The reduced crosslink density associated with silica’s acidic surface chemistry is identified as the principal cause of these property shifts. Matching crosslink density across formulations is recommended for a fairer comparison of the two filler systems in future work.},
        keywords = {},
        month = {August},
        }