Copyright © 2026 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{207839,
        author = {Pavithra G B and Swaroopa Rani N C},
        title = {Enhancing Thermal Conductivity of Fluids with Nanoparticles},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {3},
        pages = {2948-2950},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=207839},
        abstract = {Conventional heat transfer fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, and engine oil suffer from inherently low thermal conductivity, which limits the performance of the equipment that relies on them. This paper proposes a new class of engineered fluids, termed “Nano fluids,” produced by suspending metallic nanoparticles on the order of 10 nanometers in diameter within conventional heat transfer fluids. Using established two-phase mixture models, we present a theoretical estimate of the thermal conductivity of a copper-in-water Nano fluid, examine the influence of particle volume fraction and particle shape, and evaluate the resulting benefits for heat exchanger performance. The analysis indicates that Nano fluids can raise thermal conductivity substantially relative to the base fluid and, more importantly, can reduce the pumping power required to achieve a given level of heat transfer enhancement.},
        keywords = {Nano fluids, Thermal conductivity, Heat transfer enhancement, Nanoparticle suspension, Gas-phase condensation, Hamilton-Crosser model, Convective heat transfer, Pumping power efficiency},
        month = {August},
        }