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@article{209185,
        author = {Dr. Sunitha A Philip},
        title = {Muscle Protein, Carbohydrate and Lipid in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from an Urban Harbour and a Rural Wetland in Kerala, India: A Two-Site Comparison},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {13},
        number = {5},
        pages = {876-880},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=209185},
        abstract = {Tissue biochemical composition can provide a low-cost measure of differences among fish sampled from contrasting environments. This study compared water-extractable protein, carbohydrate and lipid in the muscle of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, obtained from an urban harbour at Kalamukku, Kochi, and a rural wetland at Mepral, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India. Five fish were analysed from each site. A 0.5 g muscle sample was homogenised in 10 ml water and centrifuged at 7000 rpm. Protein was estimated by the Lowry method using bovine serum albumin as the standard, carbohydrate by the anthrone method using glucose as the standard, and lipid by the ferric chloride–sulphuric acid reaction using cholesterol as the standard. Absorbance was measured colorimetrically at 630 nm for protein and carbohydrate and at 540 nm for lipid. Mean values were compared between sites by one-way analysis of variance. Rural fish showed higher extractable protein (31.60 ± 1.85 mg/100 ml) and carbohydrate (3.20 ± 0.65 mg/100 ml) than urban fish (21.92 ± 1.52 and 2.00 ± 0.63 mg/100 ml, respectively), whereas lipid was higher in urban fish (7.39 ± 1.09 mg/100 ml) than rural fish (4.27 ± 1.05 mg/100 ml). Protein and lipid differences were statistically strong, while the carbohydrate difference was weaker after adjustment for three comparisons. Because the study included one site in each habitat category and did not measure water chemistry, contaminants, fish size, sex or reproductive condition, the observed differences cannot be attributed specifically to pollution. The findings provide a preliminary biochemical comparison and identify the need for replicated sites and concurrent environmental measurements in future studies.},
        keywords = {Oreochromis niloticus, fish biochemistry, muscle composition, urban–rural comparison, environmental stress, Kerala.},
        month = {October},
        }