Copyright © 2025 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{171450,
        author = {Dr.Thirunahari Ugandhar and Dr. Tirukovela Srinivas and Dr.Padala Thirupathi and Dr.Dharavath Parvathi},
        title = {Ethnopharmacological and Toxicological Perspectives: Decoding the Unique Nature of Manchineel (Hippomane mancinella) L.},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2024},
        volume = {11},
        number = {7},
        pages = {3315-3320},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=171450},
        abstract = {The Manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella L.), often referred to as "nature's deadliest tree," is notorious for its extreme toxicity and potential to cause serious harm to humans and animals. Native to coastal regions of the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Florida, this tree produces a toxic milky sap that contains phorbol, a potent irritant. Contact with the sap can lead to severe skin blisters, and even standing under the tree during rain can cause burns as the toxic sap is washed onto the skin. Ingesting its apple-like fruit can result in fatal oral and esophageal damage, while the smoke from burning its wood can cause blindness.
Despite its dangers, the Manchineel tree holds significant ethnopharmacological interest. Indigenous populations historically utilized its toxic sap in traditional hunting practices, using it to poison arrows. Furthermore, careful processing of its dried wood has allowed for its use in creating durable furniture. These historical uses demonstrate a nuanced understanding of its toxicity and potential applications.
Ecologically, the Manchineel tree plays a vital role in coastal environments. It acts as a natural windbreaker, stabilizes soil, and helps prevent beach erosion, making it crucial for shoreline protection. While conservation efforts are underway to protect this endangered species in Florida, the Manchineel remains one of the most hazardous plants in the world. Its dual role as a threat and ecological protector underscores the complexity of its existence. This review delves into the toxicological profile, historical significance, ethnopharmacological applications, and ecological importance of the Manchineel, offering a comprehensive perspective on its unique nature.},
        keywords = {Manchineel (Hippomane mancinella L.), toxicity, ecological role, phorbol, skin irritant, coastal protection, beach erosion, Indigenous use, conservation, environmental significance.},
        month = {December},
        }