Copyright © 2026 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{156858,
        author = {Kriti Jain and Shyam Aggarwal and Surajit Ganguly and Nirmal Kumar Ganguly and Amit Awasthi and Deepa Mehra},
        title = {BIOMARKERS TO PREDICT RESPONSE TO IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR THERAPY IN CANCER},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {},
        volume = {9},
        number = {5},
        pages = {205-221},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=156858},
        abstract = {Traditional treatment modalities for advanced cancer act directly on tumors to inhibit growth or destroy them. Along with surgery, these modalities are predominantly palliative, though associated with toxicity and modest improvements in survival of patients with advanced solid tumors. To address these issues, novel immunotherapies targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) have been developed and approved by the FDA. These therapies have been proven to provide substantial benefit and success in advanced solid tumors of different types. However, these expensive checkpoint inhibitor therapies extend clinical benefits to only a small subset of patients. Hence, it is crucial to comprehend the determinants and the role of biomarkers that drive response, resistance, and adverse effects. In this review, we have elaborated on the role of various biomarkers both pre-treatment and post-treatment which assist in predicting response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment.},
        keywords = {Immune checkpoint inhibitors, PD1/PD-L1, CTLA4, biomarkers, immunotherapy, solid tumors, predictive biomarkers},
        month = {},
        }