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@article{174784,
        author = {Tushar Masur and Tulasi Prasad H and Uday V Daivadnya and Vatsala B M and Dr. Govinda Raju M},
        title = {Embedded Systems in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles:  A Comprehensive Review of Technological  Advancements and Integration Challenges},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {11},
        number = {11},
        pages = {1320-1325},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=174784},
        abstract = {The rapid evolution of electric and hybrid vehicles (EVs/HVs) has precipitated significant advancements in embedded systems that control their operation. This review paper examines the state-of-the-art embedded systems technologies employed in modern EVs/HVs, with particular focus on powertrain control, battery management systems (BMS), energy-efficient routing algorithms, and regenerative braking systems. Through a systematic review of recent literature, this paper identifies key technological trends, integration challenges, and future research directions. The analysis reveals that while embedded systems have substantially improved EV/HV efficiency and performance, significant challenges remain in terms of system complexity, reliability, security, and standardization. The paper also highlights the growing importance of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) communication systems and their role in energy optimization. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers working on the next generation of sustainable transportation technologies.},
        keywords = {Electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, embedded systems, battery management systems, powertrain control, regenerative braking, vehicle-to-grid communication, energy-efficient routing},
        month = {April},
        }