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@article{177434,
        author = {Sudeep P Hande and Tarun S K and Tejasvi Mallaiah and Dr. Narendra Kumar S},
        title = {Surface & Optical Sensors for Biofilm Detection: A Review},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {11},
        number = {12},
        pages = {1843-1846},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=177434},
        abstract = {Biofilms, structured communities of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix, pose critical biosafety threats in healthcare, water treatment, and industrial settings. Rapid and accurate detection of biofilms is essential to prevent infections, contamination, and equipment failure. Traditional biofilm detection methods are slow and invasive, necessitating the use of innovative sensor-based technologies. This review explores surface and optical sensor technologies for biofilm detection, detailing the working principles, recent advancements, challenges, and ethical aspects. A simple simulation of sensor response behavior is also presented to illustrate practical detection models. Surface and optical sensors offer a promising future for enhancing biosafety through real-time, sensitive, and non-invasive biofilm monitoring.},
        keywords = {Biofilm, biosensors, capacitive sensing, optical sensors, fluorescence, impedance spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, biosafety, biofilm detection, simulation.},
        month = {May},
        }