Copyright © 2026 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{177883,
        author = {Adv. Sanjay Sarraf and Dr. S.P. Mishra},
        title = {The Evolution of Justice: From Primal Law to Modern Criminal Justice Systems},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {11},
        number = {12},
        pages = {2295-2304},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=177883},
        abstract = {This article explores the historical journey of justice—tracing its primitive origins in tribal societies governed by unwritten norms and social rituals to the codified, institutionalized, and forensic-oriented systems of contemporary criminal law. It highlights how early mechanisms of dispute resolution shaped the foundational values of today’s criminal justice system, including fairness, proportionality, and social order. Drawing upon criminology, legal anthropology, and forensic science, the paper outlines key stages in the transformation—from retributive blood feuds to rehabilitative justice, from moral consensus to evidence-based prosecution. It critically assesses whether modern criminal justice has fulfilled or departed from the communal ethos of primal justice.},
        keywords = {Primal Law, Criminal Justice System, Restorative Justice, Criminology, Forensic Science, Legal Anthropology, Historical Justice},
        month = {May},
        }