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@article{178017,
        author = {Shreya Kishorrao Umak and Pratik Manish Zade and Hardik Bhaurao Nimbarte and Uttam Ghanshyam Nakade and Kishor N. Tayade},
        title = {Performance Evaluation of WSN Routing Protocols using NS-3},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {11},
        number = {12},
        pages = {2370-2375},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=178017},
        abstract = {We describe a systematic empirical analysis of four leading Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocols: Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Geographical Routing Protocol (GRP). By means of NS-3.44 simulations involving 50 nodes within a 1000m×1000m area, we compare Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End Delay, Throughput, and Network Overhead on equal footing. Our findings show that GRP provides better PDR (94.2%) and Throughput (156.3 kbps) in static deployments, whereas reactive protocols (AODV, DSR) keep an overhead of 12-15% less than proactive DSDV. The research presents a web-based visualization dashboard for interactive performance trade-off analysis. The findings are valuable for giving firm recommendations for protocol selection depending on certain network requirements in industrial and IoT applications. The performance of WSNs significantly relies on the selection of routing protocols and mobility models, particularly in mobile scenarios. e investigate several mobility models such as Static, Random Walk, and Random Waypoint and compare the protocols under the same settings in different scenarios.},
        keywords = {AODV, DSDV, GRP, NS-3.44, OLSR, Packet Delivery Ratio, Routing Protocols, Wireless Sensor Networks},
        month = {May},
        }