Trends in India’s fiscal deficit and public debt - A time-series analysis from 1991 to 2020

  • Unique Paper ID: 184269
  • PageNo: 862-867
  • Abstract:
  • This study wants to examine the linkage between the fiscal deficits and public debt of India. And the study also presents the trends of fiscal deficits or public debt over the study period of 1991 to 2020. India's economic history underwent a major change in 1991 when structural changes were implemented in reaction to a serious balance of payments problem. Since then, India's growth, stability, and macroeconomic balance have all been significantly shaped by fiscal policy. This study examines the evolution of India's fiscal condition in connection to significant policy changes, international economic events, and domestic issues by examining fiscal deficit and debt statistics spanning three decades. The results indicate that while fiscal consolidation policies and laws like the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act have helped lower deficit levels in some periods, events like the 2008 global financial crisis and the slowdown in the economy before the COVID-19 pandemic have caused deficits to widen and debt loads to increase. The report emphasizes that in order to guarantee long-term macroeconomic stability and growth, consistent fiscal restraint, efficient debt management, and balanced spending plans are necessary.

Copyright & License

Copyright © 2026 Authors retain the copyright of this article. This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

BibTeX

@article{184269,
        author = {Dr, Priti Kumari},
        title = {Trends in India’s fiscal deficit and public debt - A time-series analysis from 1991 to 2020},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {4},
        pages = {862-867},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=184269},
        abstract = {This study wants to examine the linkage between the fiscal deficits and public debt of India. And the study also presents the trends of fiscal deficits or public debt over the study period of 1991 to 2020. India's economic history underwent a major change in 1991 when structural changes were implemented in reaction to a serious balance of payments problem. Since then, India's growth, stability, and macroeconomic balance have all been significantly shaped by fiscal policy. This study examines the evolution of India's fiscal condition in connection to significant policy changes, international economic events, and domestic issues by examining fiscal deficit and debt statistics spanning three decades. The results indicate that while fiscal consolidation policies and laws like the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act have helped lower deficit levels in some periods, events like the 2008 global financial crisis and the slowdown in the economy before the COVID-19 pandemic have caused deficits to widen and debt loads to increase. The report emphasizes that in order to guarantee long-term macroeconomic stability and growth, consistent fiscal restraint, efficient debt management, and balanced spending plans are necessary.},
        keywords = {FRBM (fiscal responsibility and budget management act), COVID-19, Fiscal Deficits, Public Debt, Balance of Payment.},
        month = {September},
        }

Cite This Article

Kumari, D. P. (2025). Trends in India’s fiscal deficit and public debt - A time-series analysis from 1991 to 2020. International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology (IJIRT), 12(4), 862–867.

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