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@article{184370,
        author = {Bheemarasetti Amrutha},
        title = {A Secure IoT-Based Smart Irrigation System Using NodeMCU and Raspberry Pi against Replay and SQL Injection Attacks},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {4},
        pages = {1244-1248},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=184370},
        abstract = {The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has introduced significant cybersecurity challenges, especially as more low-cost embedded devices connect to sensitive networks. This paper presents a practical IoT implementation that uses NodeMCU and Raspberry Pi to collect temperature and humidity data via a DHT11 sensor. The sensor readings are transmitted over the HTTP protocol and stored in a MariaDB database hosted on the Raspberry Pi. To evaluate the system’s resilience, penetration testing was performed using Kali Linux, targeting two major threats: SQL Injection and Replay Attacks. These threats were executed individually on the Raspberry Pi server to expose and analyse real-world vulnerabilities. Following this, various security measures—such as SHA1-based signature validation, timestamp verification, and the use of prepared SQL statements—were applied to both the Arduino and server-side Python programs. The results clearly demonstrated that the applied security mechanisms effectively mitigated the identified vulnerabilities. This study highlights the importance of securing communication and data integrity in real-time IoT applications, and provides a reference model for developers and researchers aiming to deploy secure IoT systems using affordable, open-source tools.},
        keywords = {DHT11, HTTP Protocol, Kali Linux MariaDB, NodeMCU, Raspberry Pi.},
        month = {September},
        }