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@article{184422,
        author = {Anand Wanjari},
        title = {Literature Review – LiDAR for Autonomous Vehicles},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {4},
        pages = {1855-1863},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=184422},
        abstract = {LiDAR technology is transforming from a simple distance-measuring tool into an intelligent perception system that understands and adapts to the world around it. This evolution is making autonomous vehicles safer, more reliable, and more affordable, bringing us closer to a future where self-driving cars are commonplace on our roads. The success of this technology depends on continued innovation in hardware design, safety validation, and intelligent software integration. As these elements come together, LiDAR will play a crucial role in creating the next generation of transportation systems that are safer, more efficient, and accessible to everyone. This comprehensive technical review examines Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology as it transforms from a simple distance-measuring tool into an intelligent perception system for autonomous vehicles. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of automotive LiDAR architectures, including pulsed Time-of-Flight (ToF) systems and Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) approaches, while addressing critical implementation challenges across hardware design, environmental robustness, and safety validation. Practical implementation guidelines for LiDAR system selection, integration strategies, and validation methodologies. This paper provides decision frameworks for wavelength selection, scanning architecture choices with specific quantitative metrics and tolerance specifications. Comprehensive methodologies for developing evidence-based safety cases meeting ISO 26262 and SOTIF requirements. The analysis covers supplier ecosystem dynamics, standardization efforts, and integration complexity across different vehicle platforms and automation levels. Critical evaluation of current literature gaps, emerging research directions, and standardized evaluation methodologies. The comprehensive literature review identifies opportunities in areas such as weather-robust algorithms, interference mitigation, and cross-sensor calibration techniques. This paper links theory and deployment, showing how to turn LiDAR prototypes into safe, mass-market systems for dependable autonomy.},
        keywords = {LiDAR, Time-of-Flight, FMCW, Chirp Linearity, IEC 60825-1, ISO 26262, SOTIF, ADAS, Safety Case, Multi-sensor Fusion, Calibration, Weather Degradation, OPA, MEMS, Automotive Validation.},
        month = {September},
        }