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@article{186589,
        author = {Shoyab Mahamad Shaikh and Rohan Deepak Chavan and Akshay Bajrang Talwekar and Ashraf Ajij Ansari and Mohammadkaif Rafique Pendhari and Miss. Pranjal P. Farakte},
        title = {SAR Analysis of a 5G Smartphone Antenna for Human Exposure Evaluation},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {6},
        pages = {1986-1991},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=186589},
        abstract = {This research is concerned with the design, simulation, and evaluation of SAR for a 28 GHz microstrip patch antenna specifically designed for the next generation of 5G smartphone devices. In recent years, the millimetre-wave frequency spectrum, especially around 28 GHz, has been considered one of the key bands for ensuring high data rates, low latency, and increased network capacity. However, the integration of mm Wave antennas in portable devices introduces several performance-critical challenges concerning miniaturization and human safety, expressed through SAR limitations. Accordingly, the proposed antenna is designed using a Rogers RT5880 substrate due to its low dielectric constant and loss tangent, which are essential for high-frequency mm Wave applications.
The antenna geometry was then modeled and optimized in CST Microwave Studio, considering enhanced impedance matching and stable radiation characteristics at the 28 GHz resonance frequency. The simulated results show that the antenna achieves a remarkable return loss of –25 dB, which provides effective power transfer with minor signal reflection. Moreover, the obtained gain of 7.5 dBi confirms that the antenna delivers directional radiation for handheld environment 5G applications requiring beamforming.
SAR analysis was done by placing the proposed antenna on a standard human head phantom model for safe operation when the device is close to the user. The SAR values were judged under 1 g and 10 g mass averaging conditions according to the international regulatory guidelines provided by IEEE C95.1 and ICNIRP standards, respectively. The simulated SAR values were well within the accepted limits of exposure, indicating that the antenna solution here would not pose any harmful radiation risk to the users of the smartphone in normal operating conditions.
The performance characteristics achieved confirm that the proposed 28 GHz microstrip patch antenna is well-suited for practical applications in 5G handheld devices. The compact design, together with high gain and good return loss, and with the fulfilment of the SAR safety requirement, shows potential for integration into commercial 5G smartphones. Future work will be the fabrication and experimental testing of the prototype antenna to further verify the simulated results under realistic operating conditions.},
        keywords = {},
        month = {November},
        }