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@article{188568,
        author = {Dr Maheswari Rajaram Terkar and Dr Vivek Vasantrao Kulkarni},
        title = {Muscle Attachment Points in Ayurveda: A Study of Snayu, Peshi, and Kandara},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {7},
        pages = {1872-1876},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=188568},
        abstract = {Understanding musculoskeletal attachments is essential for clinical practice, biomechanics, surgery, and rehabilitation. Ayurveda describes three major structural components involved in musculoskeletal attachment—Peshi (muscles), Snayu (ligaments and tendons), and Kandara (tendinous cords or strong fibrous extensions). These structures have been traditionally interpreted through functional, morphological, and pathological perspectives unique to classical Ayurvedic thought. While modern anatomy describes muscle origins, insertions, tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments with microscopic precision, the Ayurvedic system provides a holistic framework integrating dosha governance, tissue nutrition, marma vulnerability, and functional coordination of movement. This review synthesises classical Ayurvedic descriptions with contemporary anatomical and biomechanical literature to develop a comparative understanding of muscle attachment points. A structured narrative methodology was employed, reviewing major Ayurvedic treatises (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and analysing peer-reviewed studies from musculoskeletal science. Findings reveal significant conceptual overlap—Peshi correlates with skeletal muscles, Snayu with ligaments and tendons, and Kandara with long, strong tendons such as the Achilles tendon. Ayurveda’s integrated approach to movement, stability, and injury patterns offers novel insights into clinical practice, particularly in cases of muscle tears, sprains, tendon injuries, and joint instability. This review highlights the potential for deeper integration between classical Ayurvedic frameworks and modern anatomical science, paving the way for interdisciplinary research and enhanced clinical applications.},
        keywords = {Peshi; Snayu; Kandara; Muscle attachment; Tendons; Ligaments; Musculoskeletal anatomy; Biomechanics; Sushruta; Comparative anatomy; Connective tissue; Marma; Soft tissue injury; Integrative medicine.},
        month = {December},
        }