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@article{189622,
        author = {DR. NIRUPA GADAPA},
        title = {GREEN SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NOVEL 1,2,4 TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS IN SOUTHERN INDIA},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {7},
        pages = {6224-6238},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=189622},
        abstract = {A series of five novel 3,5 disubstituted 1,2,4 triazole derivatives (TZ 1 to TZ 5) were synthesized using a three stage plant extract mediated green synthetic protocol comprising esterification, hydrazide formation, and oxidative cyclodehydration. In this environmentally benign approach, aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica (AI), Ocimum sanctum (OS), and Citrus limon (CL) replaced conventional hazardous reagents, with their phytochemical constituents providing natural catalytic activity under mild reaction conditions. The optimized method yielded high purity triazole derivatives with improved yields (70 to 85 percent) and markedly reduced reaction times, particularly under optional microwave irradiation, which shortened cyclization from 1 to 2 hours to 10 to 12 minutes. Quantified green metrics including reduced E factor, lower solvent usage, and decreased energy consumption further demonstrated the environmental superiority of this methodology over traditional acid chloride or dehydrating agent based routes.

Structural elucidation through FT IR, H NMR, C NMR, and HR MS confirmed successful triazole ring formation, characterized by C N stretches (1600 to 1650 per centimeter), triazole C H proton resonances at delta 8.3 to 8.6 ppm and substituent specific aromatic peaks. Antimicrobial evaluation using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays against clinically relevant bacterial and fungal strains prevalent in Southern India revealed promising activity for selected derivatives, with zones of inhibition and MIC values comparable to ciprofloxacin and fluconazole standards. Structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis demonstrated strong correlations between the electronic nature of R1 and R2 substituents and antimicrobial potency, particularly among halogenated and nitro substituted scaffolds.

This study establishes a sustainable and efficient synthetic platform for generating bioactive 1,2,4 triazole scaffolds, integrating quantifiable green chemistry metrics with meaningful antimicrobial performance. The methodology demonstrates feasibility for scale up and contributes to the broader goal of developing environmentally responsible strategies for heterocyclic synthesis.},
        keywords = {1,2,4-triazole derivatives, Oxidative Cyclodehydration, Green synthesis, Structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis, antimicrobial potency.},
        month = {December},
        }