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@article{189674,
        author = {Samatbek Turdaliev and Marimuthu Sowmiya and Rajkumar Kaviyaa},
        title = {Hospital-Based Evaluation and Management of Portal Hypertension Syndrome.},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2025},
        volume = {12},
        number = {7},
        pages = {7448-7452},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=189674},
        abstract = {Portal hypertension is a major clinical syndrome defined by a sustained elevation of pressure within the portal venous system, most commonly associated with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. It develops primarily due to increased resistance to portal blood flow at the intrahepatic level, caused by structural changes such as fibrosis, regenerative nodules, and sinusoidal capillarization, along with dynamic factors including endothelial dysfunction and increased hepatic vascular tone. In addition, increased splanchnic blood flow resulting from systemic and splanchnic vasodilation further exacerbates portal pressure1. Clinically significant portal hypertension leads to the formation of portosystemic collaterals and serious complications such as esophageal and gastric varices, variceal hemorrhage, ascites, splenomegaly, hypersplenism, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome, all of which contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment, imaging modalities, endoscopic evaluation of varices, and measurement of the hepatic venous pressure gradient, which remains the gold standard for assessing severity2. Management strategies focus on preventing and treating complications through pharmacological therapy, endoscopic interventions, radiological procedures such as trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement, and liver transplantation in advanced disease. Recent advances emphasize non-invasive diagnostic techniques and novel therapeutic targets aimed at reducing intrahepatic resistance and improving patient outcomes3.},
        keywords = {Portal hypertension; Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG); Cirrhosis; Intrahepatic vascular resistance; Splanchnic circulation; Portosystemic collaterals; Esophageal varices; Ascites; Hypersplenism; Variceal bleeding; Endothelial dysfunction; Trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS); Liver transplantation; Non-selective beta-blockers.},
        month = {December},
        }