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@article{190063,
        author = {Mr. Vaibhav R. Zade and Dr. Shrikant V. Hese and Mr. Mohan Funde and Mr. Rutvik Mohurle and Mr. Jitendra Rathore},
        title = {Carbamate and Pyrethroid Pesticide Toxicity in Fish: Biochemical and Molecular Perspectives},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {8},
        pages = {2785-2796},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=190063},
        abstract = {Carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides threaten aquatic ecosystems despite their agricultural importance. This review synthesizes biochemical and molecular mechanisms of their toxicity in fish. Carbamates inhibit acetylcholinesterase, disrupting neurotransmission, while pyrethroids alter sodium channel function, causing neuronal hyperexcitation. Both induce oxidative stress through lipid peroxidation and antioxidant depletion. Molecular studies reveal modulation of detoxification enzymes (CYPs, GSTs), stress proteins, and inflammatory pathways, with histopathological damage observed in liver, gills, and kidneys. Critically, chronic exposures, pesticide mixtures, and environmental co-stressors produce synergistic effects overlooked by conventional toxicity testing. We emphasize integrating biochemical biomarkers, molecular endpoints, and multi-omics approaches for early detection of sublethal impacts. Given fish populations' ecological and economic value, sustainable pest management and comprehensive monitoring are essential for protecting aquatic biodiversity and ensuring food security.},
        keywords = {Carbamates, Fish toxicity, Acetylcholinesterase, Oxidative stress.},
        month = {January},
        }