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@article{190569,
        author = {Balwinder Kumar Thapa and Ravindra Kumar},
        title = {Comprehensive Interventional Radiology Guide for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in the Liver},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {8},
        pages = {4437-4450},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=190569},
        abstract = {Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary malignant tumor of the liver and one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality globally. Because of its silent onset and frequent association with chronic liver disease, early detection is still challenging .Closely connected with viral hepatitis, metabolic problems, and cirrhosis, the global prevalence of HCC continues to climb, making it a major public health concern. Because it offers minimally invasive, image-guided, targeted, and organ-preserving therapies that minimize systemic toxicity and provide accurate tumor-directed treatment, interventional radiology (IR) has emerged as a crucial part of multidisciplinary HCC management. These therapies are particularly beneficial for patients who are poor surgical candidates and for those requiring downstaging or bridging prior to liver transplantation[1-2]
This comprehensive guide reviews essential liver anatomy and physiology, explores the etiopathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HCC, and provides an updated overview of diagnostic strategies and interventional therapies, including TACE, DEB-TACE, TARE, RFA, MWA, cryoablation, IRE, PVE, and combination approaches. Special attention is given on patient selection, imaging evaluation, operative approaches, complication management, and post-treatment assessment. This guidebook provides clinicians and trainees with an organized, evidence-based approach targeted at enhancing outcomes and standardizing interventional therapy for patients with liver cancer by including the most recent research, current guidelines, and useful insights[3]},
        keywords = {Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Interventional radiology. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), Drug-eluting bead TACE (DEB-TACE), Yttrium-90, Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), Microwave ablation (MWA), Cryoablation, Portal vein embolization (PVE), Downstaging and bridging, Liver transplantation, Multimodality therapy, Treatment response assessment.},
        month = {February},
        }