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@article{191566,
        author = {Vinay Kumar and Babita Rani and Dr. Ashok Chauhan},
        title = {Farmer Risk Typologies in Haryana: A PCA-Based Segmentation of Risk Perceptions and Risk-Management Portfolios},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {8},
        pages = {7275-7282},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=191566},
        abstract = {Agricultural risk in Haryana is multi-dimensional and unevenly distributed across farm households, yet a large share of risk-management interventions is designed and implemented as if farmers were homogeneous. This paper develops an evidence-based typology of farm households to support segment-sensitive risk governance. Using a structured primary survey of 300 farm households across Haryana’s agro-climatic zones, the study measures (i) perceived sources of agricultural risk and (ii) farmers’ observed risk-management portfolios. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to extract latent dimensions separately for perception and strategy indicators, followed by clustering on component scores to obtain interpretable farmer segments. The perception-side typology yields three groups—Balanced Risk Perceivers (51.3%), Institutionally Dependent & Infra-Constrained (12.7%), and Infrastructure-Cautious, Market-Secure (36.0%). The strategy-side typology yields three groups—Conservative Low-Strategists (39.0%), Off-Farm Diversified Copers (42.0%), and Proactive Risk Managers (19.0%). Profiling suggests that the ability to translate risk awareness into effective action depends on constraints and capabilities: infrastructure, liquidity, market connectivity, and institutional linkages. The paper proposes a practical targeting framework that aligns public investment (irrigation and storage), advisory services (extension and peer learning), and financial instruments (insurance and formal credit) with segment-specific needs. The evidence motivates a move from uniform risk schemes toward portfolio-aware, constraint-sensitive packages that improve both resilience and productive investment.},
        keywords = {risk perception; coping strategies; typology; principal component analysis; cluster analysis; Haryana JEL Classification: Q12; Q14; Q18; C38},
        month = {January},
        }