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@article{192784,
        author = {Dharshini M and Devadharshini V},
        title = {Microbial Forensics in the Age of Genomics: Ethical Governance, Legal Standards, and Biosecurity Challenges},
        journal = {International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology},
        year = {2026},
        volume = {12},
        number = {9},
        pages = {2377-2384},
        issn = {2349-6002},
        url = {https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=192784},
        abstract = {Microbial forensics has emerged as a critical discipline in contemporary investigations, ranging from post-mortem interval estimation through Thanatomicrobiome analysis to the attribution of biological threats in bioterrorism. By examining bacteria, viruses, and fungi, scientists can trace infection sources, distinguish natural outbreaks from intentional events, and support criminal investigations. The Thanatomicrobiome—microbial communities associated with a body after death—undergoes predictable succession patterns that assist in estimating time since death. This article explores the intersection of forensic microbiology with ethical and legal challenges, emphasising microorganisms as vital trace evidence aligned with Locard’s exchange principle. It outlines the technical workflow from sample collection and DNA extraction to genomic sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, underscoring the need for stringent protocols to prevent contamination and bias. The study further examines courtroom admissibility standards, including Daubert and Frye criteria, highlighting the demand for scientific validation and reproducibility. Key concerns such as misinterpretation, privacy risks, biosecurity, and the dual-use dilemma are addressed. Ultimately, the paper proposes a balanced ethical framework that integrates scientific rigour, legal accountability, and responsible innovation to ensure microbial forensics contributes effectively to justice, public health, and global security.},
        keywords = {Microbial Forensic, Thanatomicrobiome, Postmortem Interval (PMI), Courtroom Admissibility.},
        month = {February},
        }